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Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet

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Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet
F/A-18F Super Hornet ostralek
Ensampel a teylu ayren Edit this on Wikidata
Klass McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet Edit this on Wikidata
Gwlas Statys Unys Edit this on Wikidata
Deuth gweythresek Gwynngala 2001 Edit this on Wikidata
Oberador Ostrali, United States Navy Edit this on Wikidata
Gwrier McDonnell Douglas, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, Boeing Edit this on Wikidata
Gwiasva https://www.boeing.com/defense/fa-18-super-hornet/ Edit this on Wikidata
Commons page Restrennow kelmys war Gemmyn Wikimedia

An Boeing F/A-18E po F/A-18F Super Hornet yw jett kas liesrannel lester-karya-galladow gorsonek gans dew stifjynnys, dhyworth an McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. An Super Hornet yw yn gonis gans an ayrluyow a'n Statys Unys, Ostrali, ha Kuweyt. An variennow (F/A-18E gans unn esedh ha F gans dew esedhow) yw versyons brassa ha moy avonsys a'n F/A-18C ha D Hornet. An Super Hornet yw fytti rag oberyansow ayr-dhe-ayr hag ayr-dhe-dhor, gans meur a arvow. Y hyll bos pymp tankow a-ves rag keunys keworransel. An kynsa Super Hornet a neyjas yn 1995, gans askorrans yn 1997. Yn 1999, an ayren a entras gonis gans an Morlu an SU. An ayren o devnydhys yn efan rag oberyansow breselek y'n Est Kres gans an Amerikanyon, ow komprehendya an breselyow yn Afganistan, Irak, hag yn Syri erbynn Stat Islamek ha'n governans Assad. An Super Hornet yw gwaytys dhe vos asleys gans an F/A-XX y'n 2030ow.

Displegyans

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Dalleth

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Kehevelyans a'n ayrennow

An Super Hornet yw dasdesin brashys a'n McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. An selyans askel ha lost yw dhyworth ayren gynwrians Northrop, an P-530 yn 1965, neb a dhallathas avel dasober a'n Northrop F-5E (gans askel vrassa, eskelli lost gevellek, hag ystynnans gwreydhen ledamal, po LERX).[1] Wosa henna ow neyja avel an Northrop YF-17 "Cobra", hi a gesstrivyas y'n Dowlen Gasor Skav a'n Ayrlu an Statys Unys rag askorra kasor byghanna ha sempella rag keskowalhe an McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle brassa; an YF-17 a fyll an kesstrif dhe'n YF-16 rag an DGS a'n Ayrlu, mes an Morlu a gavas an desin YF-17 gans dewstifynnys dhe vos moy fytti rag oberyansow war lestri-karya rag an Kasor Kas Ayr Morlu hag a dhewisas an YF-17 yn le a'n profyans ow kesstrivya Vought Model 1600.[2]

Wosa ow tewis an YF-17, an Morlu a gevarwodhas an ayren dasdesinys dhe vos an F/A-18 Hornet brassa rag hedhes an edhommow rag Kasor Liesrannel (VFAX) rag keskowalhe an Grumman F-14 Tomcat brassa ha moy kostek ow servya y'n rannow a gontrewaytyer defens lu lestri ha tryghter ayr. Northrop a gesoberas gans McDonnell Douglas rag morluhe an desin, gans an pyth kampollys diwettha ow pos wortiwedh an kevamboser chif. An Hornet a wrug prov bos effeythus mes strothys yngwradh gas. An tybyans a Hornet brashys o profys kynsa y'n 1980ow, marghasys gans McDonnell Douglas avel "Hornet 2000". An tybyans "Hornet 2000" o F/A-18 avonsys gans askel vrassa ha korf hirra rag karya moy a geunys ha stifjynnys moy krev.[2][3]

An diwedh a'n Bresel Yeyn a omsewyas dhe spys a dowlarghow breselek byhganna. Yn kettermyn, yth esa meur a gudynnow rag an Morlu wosa an dileans a'n McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II yn 1991 (yntendys dhe aslea an Grumman A-6 Intruder).[4] Ena an Morlu a dhallathas towlen ayren-omsettya aral henwys an "Advanced-Attack (A-X)", mes a brederas ynwedh ow nowedhi desin gwrys seulabrys rag abelieth anbarghus bys dhe'n A-X.[5] Yn kettermyn, McDonnell Douglas re brofya an "Super Hornet" (y'n dalleth "Hornet II" ha wosa henna "Hornet 2000" y'n 1980ow), neb a yll servya avel kemerydh aral rag an A-6 Intruder po ayren anbarghus rag an A-X;[3] an desin a ewnhaho nebes a'n finwethow a'n patronyow kyns F/A-18, kepar hag abilieth "bringback" anlowr, po an abilieth dhe dhaskavos arvow andhevnydhys a-lester lestri-karya.[6] An desin Hornet henedh-nessa o moy tennvosek es an ughradhans "Quick Strike" F-14 Tomcat dhyworth Grumman, enebys gans an Skrifennyas a Dhefens Dick Cheney. Ynwedh, an A-X o hedhys yn 1993 dre reson an Super Hornet o moy tennvosek hag anperyllus dhe dhesin folen-glan awos leheansow towlargh wosa an Bresel Yeyn.[7]

Y'n dedhyow na, an Grumman F-14 Tomcat o an kasor chif rag tryghter ayr ha kontrewaytyer defens lestri lu. Cheney a dheskrifas an F-14 avel teknologieth 1960ow, hag a lehas an prokuryans a'n F-14 yn 1989 kyns ow hedhi askorrans yn 1991, a-barth an F/A-18E/F nowedhys.[8][9] An ervirans dhe aslea an Tomcat gans an Hornet o gorthargyadow; byd Bresel Vietnam hag esel a'n Reythyansva Duke Cunningham a gablas an Super Hornet avel desin anprovys neb a lehas tryghter ayr.[7][10] Ynter 1991 ha 1992, an Morlu a hedhis an Kasor Taktogel Avonsys rag an Morlu (NATF), varien vorluhys a'n Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor rag keskowalhe an A-12, drefen kostow owth ynkressya.[2] Avel ken dewis a bris isel dhe NATF, Grumman a brofyas gwellheansow meur dhe'n F-14 dres "Quick Strike", mes an Reythyansva a's denaghas avel re gostek hag a dhasaffirmyas aga omrians dhe'n F/A-18E/F le kostek. Y'n dalleth ayren anbarghus rag an A-X po A/F-X, an Super Hornet a via an pennayren rag an Askel Ayr Karyer.[11]

Provow hag askorrans

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F/A-18F Super Hornet (a-gledh) ha F/A-18A Hornet (a-dhyghow)

An Super Hornet o erghys kynsa gans an Morlu SU yn 1992, hag an kost Displegyans Ynjynorieth ha Gwrians (DYG) kowal o finwethys dhe $4.88 bilvil y'n dollar 1990 (~$10.3 bilvil yn 2024).[12] An Morlu a withas an titlans F/A-18 rag gweres darbolla an dowlen dhe Reythyansva avel esplegyans anperyllus, kynth an Super Hornet yw ayren nowydh dre vras. An desin a'n F/A-18E/F o moy war, ow favera gwellheansow byghan war'n F/A-18C/D, affordyadewder, ha fydhyadewder yn le a berformans kriv. An Hornet ha Super Hornet a gevrenn meur a gnasow, ow komprehendya esedhow-estewlel, radar, arvow, medhelweyth, ha dyghtyansow oberyans. An stifjynnys F414 a'n Super Hornet a dheuth dhyworth an F404 a'n Hornet hag a ynkorforas avonsyansow displegys rag an F412 a'n A-12. Y'n dedhyow na, an kynsa F/A-18E/F a withas an brassa rann a'n kevreythyow a'n selyans F/A-18C/D rag iselhe kostow a dhisplegyans.[13][2] An desin o efanys y'n Super Hornet gans poos gwag boghes brassa es an F-15C. An rannans a wrians o haval dhe'n Hornet: McDonnell Douglas (wosa henna Boeing) o charjys gans an korf a-rag, eskelli, ha stabylatoryon; ha Northrop Grumman a askorras an korf kres hag a-dhelergh, ha eskelli plommwedhek. An bewnans gonis a'n desin o 6,000 euryow neyja.[14]

An kynsa Super Hornet a neyjas yn 29 mis Du 1995.[2] Askorrans kynsa a'n F/A-18E/F a dhallathas yn 1995. Provow neyj a dhallathas yn 1996 hag an kynsa tirans war lester-karya o yn 1997.[2] Askorrans isel a dhallathas yn mis Meurth 1997[15] hag askorrans leun a dhallathas yn mis Gwynngala 1997.[16] Provow a besyas dres 1999, ow finsya gans provow war'n mor ha diskwedhyansow dasmethyans ayrel, ha chanjyow dhe'n desin rag ewnhe "droppyans askel" ha mellyans dyllans gwithva possybyl. Yth esa 3,100 neyjow prov ha 4,600 euryow nejya.[3] An Super Hornet o provys gans an Morlu an SU yn 1999,[17] hag o komendys yn mis Hwevrer 2000.[18]

4 F/A-18Fs a VFA-41 "Black Aces" yn furvyans lergh. An kynsa ha tressa ayrennow y'n jeves kodhow AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR, hag an diwettha y'n jeves tank "buddy store"

Wosa an omdennans a'n F-14 yn 2006, oll a'n jettys kas a'n Morlu o variennow Hornet erna vo ynworrys an F-35 Lightning II. An ayrennow F/A-18E unn-esedh ha'n F/A-18F diw-esedh a gemeres an rann a'n F-14 Tomcat, A-6 Intruder, Lockheed S-3 Viking, ha KA-6D. Yth esa varien vreselyans tredanek, an EA-18G Growler, a asleas an EA-6B Prowler. An Morlu a henwi an iselheans ma yn eghennow a ayrennow "neck-down". Dres an oos Bresel Vietnam, an rannow a'n Super Hornet o gwrys gans kesunyans a'n A-1/A-4/A-7 (omsettyans skav), A-6 (omsettyans kres), F-8/F-4 (kasor), RA-5C (aspians), KA-3/KA-6 (tanker), hag EA-6 (breselyans tredanek). Yth esa $1 bilvil dollars gwaytys yn erbysyon awos owth aslea eghennow erel gans an Super Hornet.[19] An Morlu a grys an ynkerth a'n Super Hornet dhe vos sewen: ow metya kost, rol dermynyow, ha poos (181kg) a-woles dhe finwethow treudhow edhom.[20]

An niver prokuryans kowal rag an Super Hornet a leskellas mynsek dres askorrans. An Daswel Dhefens Pedervledhennek Asran a Dhefens a lehas an niver a a-dro dhe 1,000 gans ogas ha hanter. Gans mis Hedra 2008, Boeing re delirvsa 367 Super Hornets dhe'n Morlu an SU, mes yth esa hwath fowt a ayrennow awos an omdennans a ayrennow koth, breselyow yn Irak hag Afganistan, ha ardagow y'n dowlen F-35.[21][22] Yn 2006, yth esa fowt a 60 kasoryon a-woles dhe'n gosten a'n governans.[23][24][25] An towlargh 2010 a reythhas akord prenas liesbledhen rag moy Super Hornets, akordys yn 28 mis Gwynngala 2010, neb a erbysas $600 milvil yn le a gevambosow bledhynnyek.[26][27] An kevambos ma rag 66 Super Hornets hag 58 Growlers o mynnys dhe sewajya ardak a 4 bledhynnyow y'n dowlen F-35.[28] Yn 2019, Boeing a recevas kevambos a $4 bilvil rag delivra 78 Block III Super Hornets rag an Morlu dres 2021. An Morlu a vynn treylya oll a'ga ayrennow Block II dhe variennow Block III dres 2033.[29] An F-35 yw yn gonis lemmyn, ha Boeing re dheklarya towlow dhe finsya askorrans a'n Super Hornet yn 2025, ystynnys dhe 2027 gans 17 moy ayrennow erghys gans an Morlu.[30][31]

Rol a dhevynnow

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  1. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20141107010303/http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/f17.html
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Jenkins, Dennis R. F/A-18 Hornet: A Navy Success Story. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. ISBN 0-07-134696-1.
  3. 1 2 3 http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/fa18ef/fa18efmilestones.htm
  4. ↑ Donald 2004, p. 45.
  5. ↑ Aronstein, David; Hirschberg, Michael (1998). Advanced Tactical Fighter to F-22 Raptor: Origins of the 21st Century Air Dominance Fighter. Arlington, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-56347-282-4.
  6. ↑ Elward 2001, p. 73.
  7. 1 2 http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/top-gun-day-special-the-super-tomcat-that-was-never-bu-1575814142
  8. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160202144220/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/f-14.htm
  9. ↑ Donald, David. "Northrop Grumman F-14 Tomcat, U.S. Navy today". Warplanes of the Fleet. London: AIRtime Publishing Inc, 2004. ISBN 1-880588-81-1.
  10. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160508123944/http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/910507-f14.htm
  11. ↑ Donald 2004, pp. 13, 15.
  12. ↑ https://doi.org/10.2514%2F6.1998-4701
  13. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110425192042/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG276.html
  14. ↑ http://www.ausairpower.net/SuperBug.html
  15. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100206111205/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/fa18ef/news/mdc/97-78.html
  16. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100206110140/http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/military/fa18ef/news/1997/news_release_970922n.html
  17. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121104023747/http://www.armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2000/000322pc.pdf
  18. ↑ http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=1013
  19. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080528120330/http://www.ndia.org/Content/ContentGroups/Divisions1/International/4202_Wallace.ppt
  20. ↑ http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=1200&ct=1
  21. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080706104817/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/07/23/215598/picture-us-navy-super-hornet-deal-could-cut-jsf-numbers.html
  22. ↑ https://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=417
  23. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090707085613/http://opencrs.com/document/RL30624
  24. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110806163729/http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4396
  25. ↑ http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/06/navy_fighter_gap_060710w/
  26. ↑ https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2009/10/07/afx6977215.html
  27. ↑ http://www.navytimes.com/news/2009/06/navy_fighter_gap_062409w/
  28. ↑ https://stltoday.com/business/article_ee32802a-e06a-51fc-ae02-b49a003b2375.html
  29. ↑ https://www.aviationtoday.com/2020/02/11/boeing-super-hornets-receiving-block-iii-avionics-upgrades/
  30. ↑ https://www.wsj.com/articles/boeing-to-end-production-of-super-hornet-combat-jet-co-star-of-top-gun-maverick-fe801507
  31. ↑ https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/boeing-extends-super-hornet-production-to-2027-with-final-new-build-order-from-usa/157449.article
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